Background Gymnastic sports requires repetitive high load overhead movements that can lead to upper extremity injury. The scapula and the shoulder play a vital role in injury-free performance.

The scapula plays a central role in shoulder function, acting as a dynamic platform that links trunk movement to the upper limb via precise three-dimensional rotations and translations. Scapular ...

Scapular winging involves one or both shoulder blades sticking out from the back rather than lying flat. It is a rare condition that may result from injury or nerve damage. This article will discuss ...

4 Department of Physical Therapy, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan Background The scapular resting alignment is one of typical quantitative clinical evaluation of the scapular kinematics.