If you enjoyed this article, I’d like to ask for your support. Scientific American has served as an advocate for science and industry for 180 years, and right now may be the most critical moment in ...

Techne, Tomas, and Anya learn how computers “talk” with us through input and output. Techne, Tomas, and Anya learn how computers “talk” with us through input and output. Related resources for teachers ...

Every peripheral device (keyboard, modem, monitor, etc.) requires a control circuit that interfaces with the computer's processor (CPU). These circuits are either built into the chips on the ...

Fig 1. An SPI-based output driver (in this case, an L9822 octal relay driver from STMicroelectronics) can be used to provide a random mix of I/O pins at the chip’s output. The circuit in (a) senses a ...