In Part 1 of this article, we explained popular liquid-level sensing methods and their limitations. We also delved into why capacitive-sensing techniques are superior to traditional methods used for ...

In the past, capacitive sensors for automotive electronics were rarely used, as they were deemed to be hard to control, difficult to read out, sensitive to aging, and temperature dependent. On the ...

Proximity sensors detect objects without physical contact. Most proximity sensors emit an electromagnetic field or beam and look for changes in the field. The object being sensed is called a target.

Viable cell count (VCC), a critical parameter in both microbial and mammalian cell cultures, fluctuates during batch and fed-batch cultures. VCC is determined conventionally through sampling and ...